Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
Lidia Sas Paszt
Research Institute of Horticulture, Poland
Keynote: The influence of bio-fertilizers enriched with beneficial bacteria and filamentous fungi on the growth and rhizosphere microbiology of ‘Marmolada’ strawberry plants in container cultivation
Time : 09:30-10:15
Biography:
Organization: Department of Soil and Orchard Management, Rhizosphere Laboratory (IO). Experience in research projects and R&D projects: CEAF, CRAFT, EraNet RURAGRI, HortiEnergia, Huntsman, EFSA carried out in collaboration with academic and industrial partners in Poland and abroad. Coordinator and executor of tasks of the research and development project EkoTechProdukt co-financed by the European Commission from the European Regional Development Fund, (2009-2015). Research interests & Achievements in implementation of R&D results and innovative activities: studies in the area of rhizosphere and nutrient management strategies in fruit crops, development of microbial inocula for horticultural production, development of bioproducts for fruit crops. Achievements in the field of industrial property rights: patents, patent applications: development of 6 new microbial consortia and 5 new bioproducts for use in organic fruit growing. Other achievements: member of the WGs of Cost Action 836 (2002-2004), member of the MCs of 3 COST Actions: 631 (2002-2005), E38 (2005-2008), TD 1107 (20012-2016), expert representing Poland in the Programme Committee of the European Commission in FP6 (2002-2006) and in the Programme Committee of the 7th EU Framework Programme (2007-2012), expert of EFSA – European Food Safety Authority (2007-2012), member of the Management Committee and Working Group of COST Action ES 1406 ‘Soil fauna - Key to Soil Organic Matter Dynamics and Modelling (KEYSOM)’ (2015-2018), expert evaluating research projects/reports of the 6th and 7th EU Framework Programmes (2002-2013) and Horizon 2020 (2014-2020)
Abstract:
The experiment in stoneware pots was established in the spring of 2018 in four replications in the Experimental Field of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Skierniewice. The objects studied were strawberry plants of the cultivar ‘Marmolada’.
The experiment was conducted in stoneware pots with a diameter of 40 cm filled with about 270 litres of arable soil with a pH of 6.2, to each of which three seedlings of the Frigo A+ type (15-18 mm) strawberry plants were planted out at the beginning of May. Each combination consisted of six replications (stoneware pots). The experiment was established in a random block design with a total of 13 experimental combinations, including beneficial microorganisms and filamentous fungi, and a no-treatment (zero) control. In addition, the ‘Marmolada’ strawberry plants were divided into two experimental groups: in one of them the plants were grown in optimal irrigation conditions (100% of the water dose), and in the other, from mid-June, under drought stress (50% of the water dose). In both groups, the same fertilization was applied. The experiment included the following experimental combinations: 1. Control – plants not fertilized; 2. Standard NPK fertilization; 3. Control with the addition of filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces lilacinus); 4. Control – with the addition of beneficial Bacillus bacteria (Bacillus sp., Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Paenibacillus polymyxa); 5. Standard NPK + filamentous fungi; 6. Standard NPK + beneficial bacteria; 7. 100% Polifoska 6 + beneficial bacteria; 8. 100% Urea + filamentous fungi; 9. 100% Polifoska 6 enriched with beneficial bacteria; 10. 100% Fos Dar 40 enriched with beneficial bacteria; 11. 60% Urea enriched with filamentous fungi; 12. 60% Polifoska 6 enriched with beneficial bacteria; 13. Fos Dar 40 in a 60% dose enriched with three strains of beneficial bacteria.
In 2018, yielding was not assessed because all inflorescences were removed. The amounts of minerals (macro- and micronutrients) were determined in strawberry leaves. In the autumn, runners were collected for assessment, where the number, fresh weight, length, the number of runner plants and their fresh weight were determined. The results of the first year of the study showed that filamentous fungi and beneficial bacteria applied together with mineral fertilizers tested on strawberry plants (Urea, Polifoska 6, Fos Dar 40) increased their biological activity. This was particularly evident in the development of the aboveground parts of strawberry plants (runners and runner plants, and the concentration of some minerals, macro- and microelements, in the leaves).
The amount of water supplied to the strawberry plants fertilized with various mineral fertilizers enriched with beneficial bacteria and fungi had a greater impact on the growth characteristics of the aboveground parts of the plants when using the full dose of water (100%) than the dose of water reduced by half (50%).
The microbiological analysis of the soil showed that the microbially enriched mineral fertilizers Polifoska 6 and Fos Dar 40 (with the addition of beneficial Bacillus bacteria: Bacillus sp., Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Paenibacillus polymyxa), and Urea at 100% applied together with filamentous fungi (Paecilomyces lilacinus, Aspergillus niger) had a favourable effect on increasing the numbers of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of ‘Marmolada’ strawberry plants.
"This paper is financed by The National Centre for Research and Development in frame of the project BIOSTRATEG, contract number BIOSTRATEG3/347464/5/NCBR/2017".
Keynote Forum
Marina Sidorenko
Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,Russia
Keynote: Microbiomes for the disposal of chicken manure
Biography:
In 2004, Marina Sidorenko defended her thesis in two specialties: soil science and microbiology. She is a leading researcher at the Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (FSCEATB FEB RAS). She has published over 35 articles in well-known journals and 4 patents of the Russian Federation, is a member of the editorial board and reviewer of several journals. Her areas of interest are applied microbiology, soil microbiome, sanitary microbiology.
Abstract:
The intensive development of the poultry industry is associated with the problem of waste management and creates a number of problems. Promising is the biological method using microorganisms. There are many different microorganisms in manure, some of which are “useful”, as they are actively involved in the decomposition of organic substances. At the same time, manure is a source of transmission of a large number of pathogens of animals and humans (according to WHO). Therefore, it is important to develop biotechnological processes for the disposal of organic waste, ensuring the organization of effective, waste-free and environmental technologies for the bioconversion of manure and litter. We conducted a screening of a large number of microorganisms from various systematic groups for the ability to assimilate organic substances, to show enzymatic activity. Microorganisms are also tested for the ability to show bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity, antiparasitic activity. As a result, active strains of microorganisms were selected, from which effective consortia were formed. These consortia are recommended for processing poultry manure to further use the compost as a bio-fertilizer. Such compost contains a sufficient amount of basic mineral substances, increases the microbial mass of the soil itself and increases the respiration of the soil. Another direction of use of the substrate obtained by us is its burning, since poultry manure has a high calorific value, and the ash obtained by burning is a complex fertilizer with a high nutrient content.
Keynote Forum
Ewa Solarska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Keynote: The role of consortia of microorganisms with plant extracts in protection and nutrition of plants
Biography:
Prof. Ewa Solarska, professor and head of the Organic Food Laboratory of Plant Origin at the Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin (UPL). At the university she is also the head of the research team to evaluate chemical and biological plant protection products for registration purposes. Prof. Solarska has a records of research in the area of plant pathology and food quality. She is the author and co-author of about 120 publications and monographs, she has completed about 30 R&D projects (founded by NCBiR, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Polish Agency for Enterprise Development). Professional experience of prof. Solarska includes, among others, development of organic hops production technology, development of agrotechnical methods for control of hop Verticillium wilt, detection of pathogenic fungi, viruses and viroids in plants by molecular methods, obtaining of hops free from viruses and viroids, development of cereal, fruits and vegetables cultivation technology in the organic system, research on the effectiveness of natural plant protection products, determination of the quality of organic cereals and their products in terms of content of mycotoxins, estimation of biological and chemical products efficacy against pests, weeds and diseases of different crops for registration aims. Professor received international awards and national awards, among others, for his scientific merits: the PAN award for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of commercialization of research results, twice the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development award for the development and dissemination of organic hop cultivation technologies and new bioproducts. These studies concerned the evaluation of the effectiveness of probiotic microorganisms and plant extracts in control of diseases and pests of this plant, as well as organic fertilizers and basalt powder in enriching the soil with organic matter and improving the quality of hops. Under her supervision, 3 doctoral thesis was made. Currently she is scientific supervisor of the 3 PhD students. The subject of these doctoral thesis concerns toxinogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium, yeasts inhibiting fungi of the genus Fusarium, as well as a comparison of the microbiome of plants from organic and conventional farming.
Abstract:
Microorganisms play an important role in plant health protection. Some of them are known as producers of bioactive substances such as vitamins, hormones, enzymes, antioxidants and antibiotics that can directly or indirectly enhance the growth and protection of plants. The use of microorganisms in consortia allows their better survival in any environment compared to single-species preparations, due to their synergism and the creation of a biofilm that is more effective for consortia with more efficient metabolism and more resistant to oxidative stress, as well as for toxic factors. Beneficial microorganisms that increase growth and protect plants can be added to the soil to improve the health of plants. The reason for this phenomenon is the close dependence of plants on their microbiome. By gaining better control over these relationships, pest growth can be reduced and the ecosystem can be more stable. Also fermented plant extracts that enhance plant defense mechanisms or directly toxic effects are used to increase the effectiveness of microorganisms in plant protection.
Keynote Forum
Maulin P Shah
Enviro Technology Limited, India
Keynote: :Industrial Waste Water Treatment
Biography:
Abstract:
Keynote Forum
Tadashi Shimamoto
Hiroshima University, Japan
Keynote: First report of Klebsiella pneumoniae co-producing NDM-1 and VIM-1 carbapenemases from a meat sample in Japan
Biography:
Abstract:
Keynote Forum
Stef Stienstra
Dutch Armed Forces/Royal Dutch Navy, Netherlands
Keynote: The threat of zoonotic diseases and Ebola Virus Disease specifically
Biography:
Works internationally for several medical and biotech companies as scientific advisory board member and is also an active reserve-officer of the Royal Dutch Navy in his rank as Commander (OF4). For the Dutch Armed Forces he is CBRNe specialist with focus on (micro)biological and chemical threats and medical- and environmental functional specialist within the 1st CMI (Civil Military Interaction) Battalion of the Dutch Armed Forces. For Expertise France he is now managing an EU CBRN CoE public health project in West Africa. He is visiting professor at the University of Rome Tor Vergata giving lectures for the CBRN Master study. In his civilian position he is at this moment developing with MT-Derm in Berlin (Germany) a novel interdermal vaccination technology as well as a new therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis for which he has won a Canadian ‘Grand Challenge’ grant. With Hemanua in Dublin (Ireland) he has developed an innovative blood separation unit, which is also suitable to produce convalescent plasma for Ebola Virus Disease therapy. He has finished both his studies in Medicine and in Biochemistry in The Netherlands with a doctorate and has extensive practical experience in cell biology, immuno-haematology, infectious diseases, biodefense and transfusion medicine. His natural business acumen and negotiation competence helps to initiate new successful businesses, often generated from unexpected combinations of technologies.
Abstract:
Public health systems are not always prepared for outbreaks of infectious diseases. Although in the past several public health institutes, like the French ‘Institut Pasteur’ and the Dutch ‘Tropeninstituut‘, were prominent surveyors of infectious diseases, the investments in worldwide public health have decreased. Now more attention is given to curative healthcare compared to preventive healthcare. The recent Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in West Africa initiated a new wave of interest to invest in Worldwide Public Health to prevent outbreaks of highly contagious diseases. Zoonotic diseases are threatening as the population does not have natural nor artificial (from vaccination) immune response to new diseases like in the Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in 2014. The new strain of the Ebola Virus in West Africa was slightly less lethal, compared to other Ebola Virus strains, but the threat of spreading was far bigger as it had a longer incubation time. Most public health systems are not trained well enough to mitigate highly infectious and deadly disease outbreaks. NGO’s helping to fight the outbreak are often better trained in curative treatments and have less experience with biological (bioweapon) threats for which the military are trained for. The UNMEER mission was unique in this. It was a setting in which military and civilian actors cooperate in fighting a biological threat. Protection is essential for health workers. Smart systems have to be developed to prevent further spreading of the disease, but it is not only the biosafety, which has to be considered, but also the biosecurity, as misuse of extremely dangerous strains of microorganisms cannot be excluded. Several zoonotic infectious diseases, like anthrax, smallpox and hemorrhagic fevers are listed as potential bioweapons. Therefor both biosafety and biosecurity have to be implemented in all measures to fight outbreaks of highly infectious diseases.
- Microbiology & Microbes World|Applied Microbiology in Animals |Forensic Microbiology|Petroleum and Biofuels Microbiology|Industrial Microbiology & Food Microbiology|Myocardial infarction and gut micro biota: An incidental connection|Pharmaceutical Microbiology|Gut Microbiota|Oral Microbiology|Molecular Bio robotics
Chair
Maulin P Shah
Enviro Technology Limited, India
Co-Chair
Ewa Solarska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin,Poland
Session Introduction
El Hadji Seydou Mbaye
Cancer Institute, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Title: Human Papillomavirus Infection in genital Women in four regions of Senegal
Biography:
Abstract:
Ahmed G Hegazi
National Research Centre, Egypt
Title: Antibacterial activity of some Saudi Arabia honeys
Biography:
Abstract:
Material & Method: Six Saudi Arabia honeys used to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against some antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains with comparison with manuka honey. The bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive bacteria), Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter diversus and Salmonella enterica as (Gram negative bacteria).
Hauwa, H
Sokoto State University, Nigeria
Title: BIOSORPTION AND TOLERANCE POTENTIALS OF SOME BACTERIA SPECIES TO HEAVYMETAL FROM CONTAMINATED GOLD MINING SOIL IN ABARE ZAMFARA STATE
Biography:
Abstract:
Soil and water pollution are major global concerns of environmental pollution globally,the release of contaminants into the environment by human activities has increased over the past decades. Soil contamination by mining activities has attracted considerable public attention and the magnitude of the problem in the sampling site calls for immediate action. The use of microorganisms for the recovery of heavy metals from soil sediments has generated growing attention because of the inadequacy and high cost of conventional method of metal treatment technologies. Application of natural and abundant sorption material known as biosorbents comprising of microbial biomass and agricultural waste has drawn attention in the scientific world.
This research was aimed to further exploit the potentials of some bacterial specie for the removal of heavy metal from contaminated mining soils, this bacterial species were isolated from the mining soil and the soil was analyzed for it heavy metal content. The toxic metal of interest for biosorption in this work were lead, cupper, and chromium and the biosorbent used were Bacillus firmus , Bacillus brevis and pseudomonas aeruginosa.
This bacterial species were tested for their tolerance ability in different heavy metal concentration It was recorded that pseudomonas aeruginosa was tolerant to lead at 800mgl-1Bacillus lentus to cupper at 860mgl -1 and Bacillus firmus to chromium at1000mgl-1. The biosorption ability was also studied for 7days and was calculated using beer lambert’s law of biosorption percentage and they all showed good uptake ability with Bacillus firmus removing 96.37% cupper, 93.54% lead and 39.24% chromium. Bacillus brevis remove 97% Cupper, 98% lead and 36% chromium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was able to absorb 97% each of copper and lead and also 36% of chromium. This is a very important and economic friendly technology for heavy metal bioremediation at cheaper cost.
Ali Reza Ahmadi
Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Title: Therapeutics Bacteria Against Cancer; Current Advances, Challenges and Opportunities
Biography:
Abstract:
Biography:
Dr. Satish Kumar has expertise in Assisted Reproduction Technology and Applied Microbiolgy.He is Chief Scientist and Head (Research and Development) Auj Innovedic Ayurvedic company Ambala, Haryana, India. He is actively engaged in Research and teaching in Department of Biotechnology. He has guided eleven M.Tech students in different research areas of Biotechnology and has been member and coordinator of various committees of college and university level. D r .Kumar has M.Sc degree in Biotechnology and Molecular Biology , Haryana Agricultural University ,Hisar and PhD in Animal Biotechnology from Chaudhary Devi Lal University , Sirsa , Haryan,India and Authored one Book and Three book chapters Book and Research articles in Journal of International and National Repute. He also serves as member in the scientific advisory board of International Journal of Animal Biotechnology, India. Dr,Kumar is popular speaker who delivered lectures on role of Biotechnology in human welfare and worked with scientists of International repute from top institutions world and and India. He has delivered many lectures in different institutions across country and at international level via webinar on topic “ Advances in Biocatalysis and its impact on early and late development of small molecules to 12 PhD scientists and over 20 Research Associates to Merck Research Laboratories U.S,A. His Students working as Scientist and doing PhDs in US , Canada, Australia etc.
Abstract:
Presently emergence of multiple drug resistance to human pathogenic organisms is serious problem around the world, so development of alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases is the need of hour. One approach is to search for medicinal plants, for possible antimicrobial property. In the present study five solvents viz. ethanol, methanol, chloroform, hexane and water was used for extraction from eleven selected plants and used against E. coli, P. aeruginosa which normally found in diabetic patients while C. albicans found in cancer patients. A total of 55 plant extracts were used in the present study. Antimicrobial activity of plant extract found maximum in Azadirachata sp. followed by Embilica sp., Psidium sp., Citrus sp., Murraya sp., Cannabis sp. and Piper sp. and minimum in Amaranthus sp. and Coriandrum sp. Ethanolic extracts of Azadirachata sp. and Embilica sp. while aqueous extracts of Cannabis sp. and Embilica sp. was most effective against E. coli. Ethanolic extract of Cannabis sp. showed maximum zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa and methanolic extract of citrus sp. found most effective against C. albicans among eleven selected anticancer and antidiabetic plants. The MIC value of the ethanol extract of most promising plant i.e Azadirachata indica was recorded at 5% (5g/100ml). Results from the present study showed that 95% of ethanol extracts of Azadirachata indica had antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Antibiotic susceptibility of test microorganisms displayed that imipenem antibiotic has higher zone of inhibition of against E. coli followed by levofloxacin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, ceftazidime and amikacin. Against P. aeruginosa showed maximum inhibition zone followed by cefotaxime, amikacin, imipenem, azetronam and ceftazidime, while maximum zone of inhibition was recorded against C. albicans using ketoconazole followed by miconazole, nystatin, clotrimazole. These antibiotic principles are actually the defensive mechanisms of the plants against pathogens. Laboratory and clinical studies of eleven selected medicinal plants especially the most promising plant extract are required in order to better understand the antimicrobial properties so as to allows the scientific community to recommend their uses as an accessible alternative to synthetic antibiotics.
- Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for life sciences |Host pathogen Interaction | Paleomicrobiology, Archaeomicrobiology & Microbial Forensics | Bioinformatics for Micro biome | Geomicrobiology | Industrial Microbiology and Future Bio industries| Prebiotics and Probiotics | Human Micro biota | Public Health & Epidemiology
Location: Radisson Narita
Chair
Maulin P Shah
Enviro Technology Limited, India
Co-Chair
Ewa Solarska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin,Poland
Session Introduction
Jan Bobek
Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Czech Republic
Title: Awakening of Streptomyces: Novel insights into germination of bacterial arthrospores
Biography:
Abstract:
Lucia Aquilanti
Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
Title: Microbiota and key technological features of naturally fermented Crithmum maritimum sprouts
Biography:
Abstract:
Klaudia Gustaw
University of Life Science in Lublin , Poland
Title: Production of mannitol by novel strain of Lactobacillus hilgardii
Biography:
Abstract:
Jaroslav Budis
Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
Title: Pheri - Sequence based classification of bacteriophages
Time : 16:00 -16:30
Biography:
Abstract:
Bacteriophages are viral particles that infect and replicate inside bacterial organisms. Since they are specific to a particular strain of bacteria, advances in their research could lead to novel means of targeted treatment without adverse effects on natural microbiome in patient’s body. Moreover, this treatment could be effective against bacterial strains with antibiotic resistance. One of the main bottlenecks of bacteriophage research is inability to cultivate some of the phages due to missing information about their hosts.
We designed a bioinformatics pipeline, called Pheri (Phage Host ExploRatIon), to predict bacteriophage hosts from its genomic sequence. The decision is supported by a set of genes that should correspond to the specificity of the phage. We evaluated the pipeline on a set of 6277 phage sequences downloaded from several publicly available databases.
Our pipeline has a potential to assist in discovery and characterization of novel phages and underlying mechanisms behind their behavior.
Miroslav Böhmer
Comenius University, Science Park, Slovakia
Title: Identification of microbial diversity in grape must by whole metagenome sequencing
Time : 16:30 - 17:00
Biography:
Abstract:
Mohammad Magdy El Metwally
Damanhour University, Egypt
Title: New bioactive secondary metabolites from Streptomyces lividans
Biography:
Abstract:
During our search for bioactive compounds from actinomycetes, the Streptomyces lividans was large scale fermented on rice solid medium, followed by working and purification, affording the new 1-nona-decanoyl, 4-oleyl disuccinate (1), the bacterial new metabolite: filoboletic acid; (9Z,11E)-8,13-dihydroxy octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (2), and the microbial new metabolite: sitosteryl-3 -D-glucoside (3). This was in addition to further ten known bioactive metabolites: ferulic acid (4), glycerol linoleate, linoleic acid, indol-3-acetic acid methyl ester, 4-hydroxy-phenyl acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-phenyl acetic acid, 3-(hydroxy-acetyl)-indole, indol-3-carboxylic, p-hydroxy-benzoic acid and uracil. The chemical structures of the new metabolites (1-3) were confirmed by extensive 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry, and by comparison with literature data. The antimicrobial activity of the strain extract was studied using a set of microorganisms. The isolation and taxonomical characterization of Streptomyces griseorubens strain ASMR4 is reported as well.
Davinder Singh
Himachal Pharmacy College, India
Title: Synthesis, spectral studies and antimicrobial activity of coumarin derivatives
Biography:
Abstract:
These research study is aimed to synthesize a serious of various substituted derivatives of 8-methyl-2-substituted-6H-chromeno [6, 7-d] oxazol-6-one (6a-6f) and (7a-7b) from 6-Amino-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one by reaction with different substituted aldehydes and acetic anhydrides in the presence of glacial acetic acid and pyridine. The structure for compounds has been determined by IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds 1-8 have been screened for their anti-microbial activity with reference drug Ciprofloxacin by using cup-plate method. Among all the synthesized derivatives, compounds which are substituted with 4-phenyl (6a), 4-bromo phenyl (6b), 4-nitro phenyl (6c), 4-chloro phenyl (6d), 2-chlorophenyl (6f) exhibited the most promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (MTCC 614) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160). Coumarin nucleus incorporating oxazole moiety also possess synergism with total eight conventional antibacterial agents, i.e. chloramphenicol (CL), gentamycin (CN), fosfomycin (FF), levofloxacin (LE), minocycline (MI), tazobactam (P/T), teicoplanin (TE), vancomycin (VA), against Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains.
Biography:
K M Yacob is a practicing Physician in the field of Healthcare in the state of Kerala in India for the last 30 years and is very much interested in basic research.
Abstract:
When the disease becomes threat to life or organs blood circulation decreases, Temperature of fever will emerges to increase prevailing blood circulation. And it acts as a protective covering of the body to sustain life. When blood flow decrease to brain, the patient becomes fainted-delirious. If we try to decreases temperature of fever, the blood circulation will further reduced. Blood circulation never increases without temperature increase. Delirious can never be cured without increase in blood circulation. The temperature of fever is not a surplus temperature or it is not to be eliminated from the body. During fever, our body temperature increases like a brooding hen`s increased body temperature. The actual treatment to fever is to increase blood circulation. Two ways to increase blood circulation. (1) Never allow body temperature to lose and (2) Apply heat from outside to the body. When the temperature produced by body due to fever and heat which we applied on the body combines together, the blood circulation increases. Then body will stop to produce heat to increase blood circulation. And body will get extra heat from outside without any usage of energy. How can we prove that the temperature of fever is to increase blood circulation? If we ask any type of question related to fever by assuming that the temperature of fever is to increase blood circulation we will get a clear answer. If avoid or evade from this definition we will never get proper answer to even a single question. If we do any type of treatment by assuming that the temperature of fever is to increase blood circulation , the body will accept, at the same time body will resist whatever treatment to decrease blood circulation. No further evidence is required to prove the temperature of fever is to increase blood circulation.